Type	Description
`strict`	Raise `UnicodeError` upon encoding failure.
`ignore`	Ignore the malformed data and continue without further notice.
`replace`	Replace with a suitable replacement marker for encoding.
`xmlcharrefreplace`	Replace with the appropriate XML character reference.
`backslashreplace`	Replace with backslashed escape sequences.
`namereplace`	Replace with `\N{...}` escape sequences.

Return value

A string version of the object. If no object is provided, an empty string is returned.

Examples

To return a string version of 15:


        
        
            
                
                
                    a = 15
b = str(a)
print(b)
print(type(b))
                
            
            15
<class 'str'>

Encoding parameter

To specify encoding of 'utf-8':


        
        
            
                
                
                    # Create a bytes object and store it to variable y
y = bytes('marché', encoding='utf-8')
str(y, encoding='utf-8')
                
            
            'marché'

The bytes object y which was encoded using utf-8 can successfully be decoded and converted to a string.

Errors parameter

To specify 'replace' error method and decode using 'ascii':


        
        
            
                
                
                    # Create a bytes object and store it to variable z
z = bytes('marché', encoding='utf-8')
str(z, encoding='ascii', errors='replace')
                
            
            'march��'

It is not possible to decode é in ASCII hence '�' replacement marker is used instead of raising an error.

To decode 'marché' using 'ascii' and 'strict' error method:


        
        
            
                
                
                    # Create a bytes object and store it to variable z
z = bytes('marché', encoding='utf-8')
str(z, encoding='ascii', errors='strict')
                
            
            UnicodeDecodeError: 'ascii' codec can't decode byte 0xc3 in position 5

It is not possible to decode é in ASCII and as we have specified 'strict' mode to handle errors a UnicodeDecodeError is raised.

Published by Isshin Inada

Edited by 0 others

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Official Python Documentation

https://docs.python.org/3/library/functions.html#func-str

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