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# Comprehensive Guide on tanh

Machine Learning
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Neural Networks
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Activation functions
schedule Jul 1, 2022
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The $\mathrm{tanh}$ curve looks similar to the sigmoid curve in that the shape is s-like. $\mathrm{tanh}$ takes in any real value as input, and outputs a value from $-1$ to $1$.

The following is a graph of $\mathrm{tanh}$ and sigmoid function:

Mathematically, we can represent $\mathrm{tanh}(x)$ like so:

$$\mathrm{tanh}(x)=\frac{e^x-e^{-x}}{e^x+e^{-x}}$$

# Derivative

What makes $\mathrm{tanh}$ appealing as an activation function is that the derivative of $\mathrm{tanh}$ is clean:

$$\frac{d}{dx}\mathrm{tanh}(x)=1-\mathrm{tanh}(x)^2$$

The graph of the derivative of $\mathrm{tanh}(x)$ looks like the following:

# Code

The code used to generate the plot is as follows:

 import numpy as npimport matplotlib.pyplot as pltplt.style.use('seaborn-whitegrid')plt.style.use('seaborn')def sigmoid(x): return 1 / (1 + np.exp(-x))x_tanh = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.1)y_tanh = np.tanh(x)plt.figure(figsize=(5,4))plt.xlabel("x")plt.ylabel("y")plt.axhline(0, color="blue", alpha=0.2)plt.axvline(0, color="blue", alpha=0.2)x_sigmoid = np.arange(-5, 5, 0.1)y_sigmoid = sigmoid(x)plt.plot(x_sigmoid, y_sigmoid, color="red", label="Sigmoid")plt.plot(x_tanh, y_tanh, color="blue", label="tanh")plt.legend() 
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